Population change and demographic parameters in wamba forest
Year	Social situation	The number of groups	Population size	Group size*1　of E1	Source	Mortality rate			Sources	Birth rate*2	Sources
						Infants & juveniles (0-7 yrs.)	Adolescent males (8-13 yrs.)	Adults (>14 yrs.)				Memo
1976		6		18	[94], [97]	0.027	0	0.006	[98]	0.12	Calucurated from [97]	Low frequency provisioning
1977				18						0.35
1978				19						0.47
1979				21						0.05
1980				21						0.30
1981				21						0.14
1982				22						0.18
1983				24						0.19
1984				25						0.36
1985				28						0.08
1986				28						0.21
1987				32		0.056	0.083	0.05		0.19
1988				31						0.25
1989				30						0.10
1990				27						0.28
1991	Disorder	6	around 280	30		0.033	0.194	0.144		0.19
1992				28						0.15
1993				22						0.17
1994				22		0.094	0	0.05		0.25
1995				23						0.21
1996	First Congo War	6	106	19						0.20
1997
1998	Second Congo War
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004		3	around 60	17
*1 The group size was recorded on January 1st of each year.
*2 The number of birth / the number of mature female the was identified in E1 and E2 group.
Source:
[94] Furuichi T. (2004) Current situation of bonobos endangered. Primate Res. 20: 67-70 (in Japanese)
[97] Furuichi T., Hashimoto C., Idani G., Ihobe H., Tashiro Y. & Kano T. (1999) Current situation of studies of bonobo (Pan paniscus) at Wamba, D.R. Congo. Primate Res. 15: 155-127 (in Japanese)
[98] Furuichi T., Idani G., Ihobe H., Kuroda S., Kitamura K., Mori A., Enomoto T., Okayasu N., Hashimoto C. & Kano T. (1998) Population dynamics of wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) at Wamba. Int. J. Primatol. 19: 1029-1043