Year*1 Group size*2  Source Mortality rate*3 Source Causes of higher mortality rate Source Mature female rate*4 Source SSR*5 Source
1980 88 [67]         0.409 [67] 0.250 [67]
1981 95 0.1 [67]     0.400 0.263
1982 100 ≤ 0.1     0.380 0.237
1983 98 > 0.1, 0.2 Unknown [67], [72] 0.378 0.243
1984 101 ≤ 0.1     0.356 0.278
1985 99 ≤ 0.1 AIDS-like disease [67], [68] 0.374 0.297
1986 90 > 0.1     0.389 0.257
1987 89 ≤ 0.1     0.371 0.242
1988 93 ≤ 0.1     0.355 0.273
1989 84 > 0.1, 0.2 Predation by lions [67], [69], [73] 0.369 0.323
1990 80 ≤ 0.1     0.325 0.385
1991 81 ≤ 0.1     0.358 0.310
1992 82 ≤ 0.1     0.341 0.321
1993 76 > 0.1, 0.2 Ful-like disease [67], [70], [71] 0.329 0.320
1994 70 > 0.1, 0.2 0.329 0.391
1995 62 0.2 Unknown, maybe disease [67], [72] 0.339 0.286
1996 47 > 0.3 0.362 0.294
1997 45 0.12 0.356 0.375
1998 50 ≤ 0.1     0.320 0.438
1999 51 ≤ 0.1     0.314 0.438
*1 The all parameters were estimation for one groups at end of the years.
*2 The number of individuals in unit group (i.e. M group) 
*3 The number of individuals mortality in the years / group size in the previous years 
*4 The number of mature female / group size 
*5 The number of mature male / the number of mature female
Source: Data includes original variables in these source and calculated variables using these source.
[67]Nishida T., Corp N., Hamaib M., Hasegawa T., Hiraiwa-Hasegawa M., Hosaka K., Hunt K.D., Itoh N., Kawanaka K., Matsumoto-Oda A., Mitani J.C., Nakamura M., Norikoshi K., Sakamaki T.,Turner L., Uehara S., Zamma K. (2003) Demography, female life history, and reproductive profiles among the chimpanzees of Mahale. Am. J. Primatol. 59: 99-121
[68] Nishida T., Takasaki H. & Takahata Y. (1990) Demography and reproductive profiles. In: Nishida T. (ed.) The chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains. Tokyo Press. pp. 63-97
[69] Tsukahara T. (1993) Lions eat chimpanzees: the first evidence of predation by lions on wild chimpanzees. Am. J. Primatol. 29: 1-11
[70] Hoaka K. (1995) A single ful epidemic killed at least 11 chimpanzees. Pan Africa News 2(2): 10-11 Japanese macaques in Kinkazan. Yaen 14: 5-13 (in Japanese)
[71] Hosaka K., Matsumoto-Oda A., Huffman M.A. & Kawanaka K (2000) Reactions to dead bodies of conspecifics by wild chimpanzees. Primate Res. 16: 1-15
in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania 14: 5-13 (in Japanese)
[72] Nishida T. (2002) Demographic changes. In: Nishida T., Uehara S. & Kawanaka K. (eds.) The Mahale Chimpanzees: Thirty-seven Years of <Pantropology>. Kyoto University Press, Kyoto. pp. 171-202 (in Japanese)
[73] Inagaki H. & Tsukahara T. (1993) A method of identifying chimpanzees hairs in lion feces. Primates 109-112