Causes of mortality in M group chimpanzees during 19 years (1980-1999) | |||
Causes of mortality | N | Memo | |
Disease | 56 | ||
Senescence | 28 | ||
Within-species aggression | 18 | 17 victims were infants | |
Predation | at least 6 | Occurred only 1989 | |
Maternal death | 4 | ||
Twin birth | 2 | Twin birth was observed only once | |
Snares | 1 | ||
Unknown | 91 | ||
Total | 207 | ||
Source: | |||
[67] Nishida T., Corp N., Hamaib M., Hasegawa T., Hiraiwa-Hasegawa M., Hosaka K., Hunt K.D., Itoh N., Kawanaka K., Matsumoto-Oda A., Mitani J.C., Nakamura M., Norikoshi K., Sakamaki T.,Turner L., Uehara S., Zamma K. (2003) Demography, female life history, and reproductive profiles among the chimpanzees of Mahale. Am. J. Primatol. 59: 99-121 | |||
[69] Tsukahara T. (1993) Lions eat chimpanzees: the first evidence of predation by lions on wild chimpamzees. Am. J. Primatol. 29: 1-11 | |||
[74] Hamai M., Nishida T., Takasaki H. & Turner L.A. (1992) New records of within-group infanticide and cannibalism in wild chimpanzees. Primates 33: 151-162 | |||
[75] Matsumoto-Oda A. (1995) First record of a twin birth in chimpanzees of Mahale Mountain National Park, Tanzania. Afr. Study. Monogr 16: 159-164 |